Manufacturer

• Produced by: Institute of Molecular Genetics (IMG), Russian Academy of Sciences.
• Country of Origin: Russia

Composition

• Each 3 ml vial contains:
  • Semax peptide (synthetic ACTH(4‑10) analogue) – 1% (10 mg/ml).
  • Excipients: sterile water, methylparaben, sodium chloride (for isotonicity).

Indications

Semax is a synthetic nootropic and neuroprotective peptide indicated for:

• Acute ischemic stroke support.
• Recovery of cognitive functions post‑TBI.
• Chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency (ischemia).
• Neuroprotection during brain surgery.
• Memory, attention, concentration enhancement in mild cognitive impairments.
• Prevention of stress‑induced mental fatigue in high‑stress scenarios.

Dosage and Administration

• Route: Intranasal only (drops).
• Dosage regimens:
  • Stroke: 3–4 drops per nostril, 4–6 times daily for 10 days.
  • Cognitive impairment: 2–3 drops per nostril, 2–3 times daily for 5–14 days.
  • Mental fatigue prevention: 1–2 drops per nostril, twice daily for 3–5 days.
• Technique: Tilt head slightly back, instill evenly into both nostrils.
• Course duration: Varies between 5 and 14 days depending on indication.

Pharmacodynamics and Mechanism of Action

Semax is a modified heptapeptide (Met‑Glu‑His‑Phe‑Pro‑Gly‑Pro) derived from ACTH(4‑7). It modulates melanocortin receptors, increases BDNF and TrkB receptor expression, enhances synaptic plasticity, boosts cerebral perfusion, and activates serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways. It exerts antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and neurotrophic effects without hormonal side effects. For reference, see this study.

Use in Sports

Semax is increasingly used off‑label by athletes seeking cognitive edge, enhanced focus, faster mental recovery, and reduced fatigue during training or competitions. Its ability to raise BDNF levels may aid in neuroplastic adaptation under high cognitive and physical stress. While not banned by WADA, use should be monitored by sports medicine professionals.

Clinical Studies and Evidence

Preclinical studies in rat models of chronic brain ischemia demonstrated that intranasal Semax significantly improved learning, short‑ and long‑term memory, and behavioral performance. See the full publication on ResearchGate.

In a clinical study of ischemic stroke patients, Semax administered in two courses (6000 μg/day over 10 days, with a 20‑day interval) increased plasma BDNF levels and improved rehabilitation outcomes. See this source.

Contraindications

• Hypersensitivity to Semax or excipients.
• Acute psychosis or severe psychiatric disorders.
• Severe renal or hepatic impairment (use with caution).
• Children under 7 years of age (1% solution).

Precautions and Warnings

• Monitor cognitive and neurological status during treatment.
• May cause mild nasal irritation; avoid driving or machinery if dizziness occurs.
• Consult healthcare provider if combining with other nootropics or neuro‑agents.

Adverse Effects

• Local: Nasal dryness, mild irritation, burning.
• Neurological: Headache, light dizziness, occasional irritability.
• Hypersensitivity: Rare allergic reactions such as rash or itching.

Drug Interactions

• No major drug interactions reported.
• May potentiate effects of other nootropic peptides (e.g., Selank) when co‑administered.
• Seek medical consultation before combining with psychiatric or CNS medications.

Pregnancy and Lactation

Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is not recommended due to lack of safety data. Only consider if benefits outweigh potential risks, under medical supervision.

Overdose

In case of overdose, mild symptoms such as nasal irritation or headache may occur. These effects are generally self‑limiting. Supportive measures (hydration, rest) are usually sufficient.

Storage

• Store refrigerated at 2–8 °C; do not freeze.
• Protect from direct sunlight and humidity.
• Discard within 30 days after opening.
• Keep out of reach of children.

Patient Information

Patients must be educated on correct intranasal administration technique, expected therapeutic timeline, and signs of side effects. Report any unusual symptoms promptly. Use only under the direction of a qualified healthcare provider.

Summary

Semax 1% nasal solution is a centrally acting synthetic peptide with demonstrated neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects in ischemic stroke, TBI, and stress models. Its mechanism includes upregulation of BDNF, modulation of immune and neurotransmitter systems, and promotion of cerebral perfusion. Limited but consistent clinical evidence supports its use in stroke rehabilitation. Athletes may benefit from improved focus and faster recovery, though medical oversight is essential. Semax is generally well-tolerated, with minimal side effects and no known addictive potential. Use in special populations or children requires medical supervision.

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Description

Reactine is an over-the-counter second-generation antihistamine containing Cetirizine Hydrochloride, widely used to relieve symptoms of allergic rhinitis, urticaria (hives), and other histamine-mediated conditions. It is valued for its rapid onset, 24-hour duration, and improved tolerability relative to first-generation antihistamines.

Active Ingredient

Cetirizine Hydrochloride is a selective H₁ receptor antagonist, minimizing allergic symptoms such as sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal and ocular itching, and skin urticaria. It is the active component in Reactine formulations, including tablets, chewables, and syrup.

Pharmacological Action

Cetirizine selectively inhibits peripheral histamine H₁ receptors, blocking histamine-mediated inflammatory responses. It exhibits minimal central nervous system penetration, reducing sedation risk. Cetirizine also demonstrates modest anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of NF‑κB and modulation of eosinophil chemotaxis and cytokine release. Its high tissue binding to albumin (~93 %) and slow metabolism contribute to its prolonged effect.

Indications

Reactine (Cetirizine Hydrochloride) is indicated for:

• Seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
• Perennial allergic rhinitis
• Chronic idiopathic urticaria (hives)
• Allergic conjunctivitis (adjunct relief for itching and redness)
• Other histamine-mediated dermatoses or mild allergic conditions

Dosage and Administration

• Adults and children ≥6 years: 10 mg once daily.
• Children 2–5 years: Pediatric syrup 2.5–5 mg once daily, depending on weight.
• Pediatric chewables: Follow label dosing; usually 5 mg twice daily in children under 12.
• Renal impairment: Dose reduction to 5 mg daily for CrCl 11–31 ml/min or in elderly, per regulatory guidance.

Take with or without food. Usually dose strength is 10 mg tablet or equivalent in syrup.

Side Effects

• Drowsiness and fatigue (sedation rates ~10–15 %).
• Dry mouth common.
• Occasional headache, dizziness, or abdominal discomfort.
• Rare: urinary retention or palpitations.
• Very rare: pruritus after discontinuation (FDA warning May 16, 2025).

Contraindications

• Hypersensitivity to Cetirizine, hydroxyzine, or formulation components.
• Severe renal impairment without dose adjustment.
• Use during lactation generally not recommended; pregnancy category B (use if necessary).

Precautions

• Caution when driving or operating machinery due to possible sedation.
• Use in elderly or pediatric populations with reduced dosing and monitoring.
• Discontinuation after prolonged use may provoke severe itching (pruritus) — follow tapering recommendations.

Interactions

Cetirizine is not metabolized by CYP450 enzymes, meaning low risk of interactions with common medications that affect liver enzymes. However, caution is advised with:

• CNS depressants—may increase sedation.
• Anticholinergic medications—may exacerbate dry mouth or urinary retention.
• Lab interference—may affect immunoassay results or inflammatory biomarkers.

Overdose

Excessive ingestion may result in extreme drowsiness, tachycardia, or headache. Supportive care, monitoring of vital signs, and hydration are standard interventions. In children, monitor for excitation or sedation.

Storage

• Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat.
• Do not freeze.
• Keep out of reach of children and pets.

Mechanism of Action

Cetirizine binds selectively to peripheral H₁ receptors, preventing histamine from producing allergy symptoms. It does not significantly penetrate the CNS, thus causing less sedation compared to first-generation antihistamines. The drug also exhibits modest inhibition of inflammatory mediators and mast cell stabilization.

Clinical Studies and Evidence

A large randomized controlled trial showed that Cetirizine 10 mg daily significantly reduces symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria compared to placebo and is well tolerated (Grant et al., 1995). Another network meta-analysis in 2023 confirmed cetirizine’s efficacy among H₁ antihistamines, with substantial symptom relief albeit slightly higher sedation risk than fexofenadine (Hong et al., 2023)

Use in Special Populations and Sports

Reactine is approved for children as young as 6 months (in syrup form), with demonstrated safety in pediatric allergic rhinitis. Use in elderly should consider renal clearance—dose adjustment required for CrCl <30 ml/min. For athletes, cetirizine is generally permitted by WADA but may cause sedation affecting performance or reaction time; caution advised before competitions.

Comparison with Other Antihistamines

Compared to loratadine and fexofenadine, cetirizine is similarly effective but may cause mild drowsiness more rapidly. It shows faster onset than fexofenadine and stronger urticaria suppression in clinical trials. Levocetirizine (L-isomer) may offer reduced sedation at lower doses.

Summary

Reactine (Cetirizine Hydrochloride) is a reliable, effective, and generally safe antihistamine medication for allergic rhinitis, hives, and related conditions. With once-daily dosing and a favorable safety profile, it is widely used in adults and children. Use should be tailored in renal impairment, and discontinuation should be managed to minimize withdrawal pruritus risk.

References

• Grant et al., 1995 – Cetirizine efficacy in allergic rhinitis
• Hong et al., 2023 – Comparative meta‑analysis of H1 antihistamines

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Composition

• Each ampoule contains: Inosine 400 mg in 10 ml solution.
• Solvent: sterile water for injection; isotonic agent: sodium chloride.
• No preservative or additives—clear, colorless sterile solution.

Description

Inosine Injection is a sterile nucleoside preparation in glass ampoules (5 × 10 ml). Inosine is a purine nucleoside integral to nucleotide metabolism and energy production. Following parenteral administration, Inosine is rapidly deaminated to hypoxanthine and xanthine, ultimately increasing serum urate levels—a biochemical pathway with implications for cellular metabolism, antioxidant defense, and purine salvage pathways.

Pharmacological Action

Inosine exerts multiple systemic effects: it serves as an energy substrate via ribose metabolism, supports ATP production, promotes coronary vasodilation, improves myocardial bioenergetics, and demonstrates neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects. Inosine has been shown to stimulate axonal growth in experimental models, reduce inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF‑α, IL‑1β, IL‑12), and support effector T‑cell bioenergetics under glucose deprivation. It also acts as an intermediary in purine metabolism, raising serum urate—an endogenous antioxidant—though elevated urate may carry risks in certain contexts.

Indications

Inosine Injection is indicated for:

• States of metabolic exhaustion or high energy demand (e.g. post-surgery, chronic fatigue, recovery phase of illness)
• Adjunctive support in cardiac conditions with impaired perfusion or energy metabolism
• Patients undergoing high-intensity physical activity who require improved oxygen utilization
• Selected neurological conditions or immune-modulating support, under experimental or off-label use

Contraindications

• Known hypersensitivity to inosine or any component.
• Gout, hyperuricemia, or crystal-induced arthropathies—serum urate elevation contraindicated.
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding—safety not established.
• Not recommended in pediatric patients under supervision—insufficient evidence.

Dosage and Administration

• Administer intravenously over 10–15 minutes per ampoule (400 mg).
• Typical adult dose: 1 ampoule daily; do not exceed 2 ampoules (800 mg) per day.
• Adjust injection speed and dosage per patient tolerance and renal function.

Side Effects

• Occasional mild allergic reactions—rash, itching, urticaria.
• Nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness, tachycardia.
• Elevated uric acid levels—risk of gout, kidney stones, nephropathy.
• Rare cardiovascular or renal adverse events, typically reversible upon cessation.

Precautions

Monitor serum uric acid periodically—especially in patients with prior hyperuricemia or cardiovascular risk. Advise limiting purine-rich foods and alcohol during treatment. Monitor renal and hepatic function if long-term usage is considered.

Interactions

• Concomitant use with xanthine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., allopurinol) may alter uric acid metabolism.
• May affect assays for cytokines or inflammatory biomarkers.
• Monitor synergy or interference with antiviral or immunomodulatory agents.

Overdose and Treatment

Overdose symptoms may include nausea, hypotension, dysrhythmias, or altered consciousness. Management is supportive: cease inosine, hydrate, correct electrolytes, and monitor vitals. Urate-lowering therapy may be considered if hyperuricemia is severe.

Storage

• Store at room temperature (15–25 °C), protected from direct sunlight.
• Do not freeze.
• Keep ampoules in original sealed packaging; use promptly after opening.
• Keep out of reach of children.

Mechanism of Action

Inosine is converted to hypoxanthine and ribose-1-phosphate, supporting ATP generation through glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. It promotes vasodilation and cardiac energy metabolism, suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines, and supports nerve regeneration via NGF-related pathways observed in preclinical models.

Clinical Studies and Evidence

A randomized clinical trial (SURE‑PD3) demonstrated that orally elevated serum urate via inosine is generally safe and tolerated over up to 24 months, though increased rates of nephrolithiasis were observed (7 per 100 patient‑years vs 1.4 in placebo). Bluett et al., 2021

A safety trial (Iwaki et al., 2017) involving early Parkinson’s patients confirmed one-year oral inosine (≈1070 mg/day) safely raised uric acid from ~3.5 mg/dL to ~6.7 mg/dL without severe adverse events; transient crystalluria noted. Iwaki et al., 2017

Use in Special Populations and Sports

Athletes may use inosine IV for recovery after intense exertion; by supporting ATP generation and metabolism, it may alleviate fatigue. However, the increase in serum urate poses a risk for gout or renal stones. Not prohibited by WADA, but professional supervision and uric acid monitoring are recommended.

Elderly or cardiac patients should receive careful dosing and lab monitoring due to altered renal clearance and urate handling.

Additional Notes

Emerging research highlights inosine’s role in immune cell metabolism: T lymphocytes can metabolize inosine as an alternative carbon source under glucose deprivation, supporting effector function and enhancing anti-tumor immunity in vitro. Wang et al., 2020 Additionally, murine studies show that inosine administration increases energy expenditure and thermogenesis, suggesting potential metabolic benefits. Willemsen et al., 2022

Summary

Inosine Injection is a metabolically active nucleoside preparation delivering 400 mg per dose. It supports energy metabolism and has roles in cardiac, neurological, and immune support contexts. While generally well tolerated when administered under supervision, it elevates serum urate, posing risks for gout, nephrolithiasis, and renal function impairment. Monitoring is essential, especially in high-risk populations. In selected cases, its use may support recovery from exhaustion or metabolic stress, under the guidance of qualified healthcare professionals.

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Composition

• Active ingredient: Phytomenadione (Vitamin K1) – 10 mg per 1 ml ampoule.
• Excipients: glycocholic acid, lecithin, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, water for injections.

Description

Konakion MM 10 mg is a clear, sterile yellow-brown solution for oral or intramuscular administration. It contains a micellar solution of fat-soluble vitamin K1 designed for enhanced absorption, even in patients with impaired bile production or fat malabsorption. Manufactured by Roche Pharmaceuticals, Konakion MM is typically supplied in 1 ml glass ampoules.

Pharmacological Action

Phytomenadione (vitamin K1) is a vital cofactor for hepatic synthesis of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as proteins C and S. Without adequate vitamin K1, the gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in these proteins is impaired, leading to dysfunctional clotting and increased bleeding risk. Konakion MM rapidly restores physiological levels of active vitamin K1, reactivating coagulation pathways and reducing haemorrhagic complications.

Indications

Konakion MM 10 mg is indicated for:

• Prevention and treatment of vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) in neonates and infants.
• Vitamin K deficiency due to chronic liver disease, biliary obstruction, or intestinal malabsorption.
• Hypoprothrombinaemia induced by long-term antibiotic therapy.
• Antidote to overdosage or prolonged treatment with coumarin anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin).

Dosage and Administration

• **Neonates and infants**: 1–2 mg orally or intramuscularly as prophylaxis at birth or treatment in case of bleeding.
• **Adults**: 10 mg intramuscularly or orally; repeat dose as required per clinical status.
• **Warfarin reversal**: In non-urgent cases, 2.5–5 mg orally. In urgent reversal, IV route preferred under clinical supervision.
• Route of administration: Oral, intramuscular, or intravenous (off-label/emergency, with risk of anaphylaxis).

Always follow physician’s instructions. Do not self-administer intramuscular or IV injections without clinical supervision.

Contraindications

• Known hypersensitivity to phytomenadione or formulation excipients.
• Severe hepatic failure with no capacity for clotting factor synthesis.
• IV administration contraindicated unless medically justified due to rare risk of anaphylactic shock.

Side Effects

• Common: facial flushing, sweating, dizziness, taste disturbances (oral route).
• Less common: injection site pain or hematoma (IM route), mild elevation of liver enzymes.
• Rare: hypersensitivity reactions, bronchospasm, anaphylaxis (especially IV route).
• Neonates: risk of hemolysis or hyperbilirubinemia in high doses.

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with liver disease or coagulopathies.
• Do not mix Konakion MM with other IV fluids in the same syringe or line.
• Carefully monitor INR when co-administered with anticoagulants.

Interactions

• Antagonizes the effects of vitamin K antagonists (e.g., warfarin, acenocoumarol).
• Broad-spectrum antibiotics may increase vitamin K deficiency by disrupting gut flora.
• Bile acid sequestrants (e.g., cholestyramine) reduce vitamin K absorption.
• Mineral oils, orlistat, and certain laxatives may impair absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Overdose and Management

Toxicity is rare due to high therapeutic index. Overdose symptoms are uncommon but may include transient flushing, hyperbilirubinemia in neonates, or hemolysis in G6PD-deficient infants. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.

Use in Pregnancy and Lactation

Vitamin K1 does not cross the placenta efficiently; neonatal prophylaxis is essential. Konakion MM is considered safe in pregnancy at therapeutic doses. It may be used in breastfeeding women—vitamin K1 is excreted in low amounts into breast milk.

Use in Pediatrics

Neonatal prophylaxis with Konakion MM significantly reduces early and late vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB). Intramuscular administration offers sustained protection, whereas oral prophylaxis may require multiple doses.

WHO Bulletin on VKDB prophylaxis

Storage

• Store in original packaging at 15–25 °C.
• Protect from light and moisture.
• Do not freeze. Keep ampoules tightly sealed until use.
• Discard after expiration date.

Clinical Studies and Evidence

A systematic review of vitamin K prophylaxis strategies showed intramuscular Konakion MM at birth prevented >95% of late VKDB compared to oral routes (Cornelissen et al., 2017). Cochrane Review

In adults on warfarin with elevated INR, low-dose oral vitamin K1 (1–2.5 mg) normalized coagulation faster than placebo without excessive clotting risk. Crowther et al., NEJM

Summary

Konakion MM 10 mg is a clinically validated formulation of vitamin K1 indicated for the prevention and treatment of deficiency states and coagulopathy. With multiple administration routes and well-established efficacy, it is considered essential for neonatal prophylaxis and adult reversal of anticoagulation. Use must be guided by medical professionals, particularly in populations at risk for liver dysfunction or bleeding disorders.

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Composition

Each tablet of BIOTAD PLUS (Original) contains a scientifically balanced formulation of essential vitamins and minerals to support immune function, energy metabolism, and overall wellness:

• Vitamin A – 1500 mcg
• Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) – 1.5 mg
• Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) – 1.7 mg
• Vitamin B6 – 2.0 mg
• Vitamin B12 – 6 mcg
• Vitamin C – 60 mg
• Vitamin D – 400 IU
• Vitamin E – 30 IU
• Folic Acid – 400 mcg
• Iron – 18 mg
• Calcium – 162 mg
• Zinc – 15 mg

Indications

• Prevention and correction of multivitamin deficiencies due to inadequate diet, illness, or malabsorption
• Supplementation during pregnancy, lactation, or recovery from surgery or infection
• Support in chronic illness, anemia, osteoporosis, or increased nutritional demand
• Adjunct in metabolic disorders or aging-related nutrient depletion

Contraindications

• Hypersensitivity to any component of the formulation
• Hemochromatosis, hemosiderosis, or chronic iron overload
• Active peptic ulcers or untreated hypervitaminosis A or D
• Hemolytic anemia not caused by iron deficiency

Dosage and Administration

• Recommended adult dose: 1 tablet per day with food
• In pregnancy/lactation: consult a healthcare provider for individual needs
• Do not exceed the recommended dose unless advised by a medical professional

Side Effects

BIOTAD PLUS (Original) is well-tolerated in most individuals. However, some may experience:

• Gastrointestinal upset (nausea, constipation, diarrhea)
• Metallic or unpleasant taste
• Rare: allergic skin reactions or sensitivity to iron

Precautions

• Use cautiously in individuals with kidney stones, gout, or iron storage disorders
• Monitor iron and vitamin D levels in long-term use
• Consult your physician before use in children

Interactions

• Iron may reduce absorption of tetracyclines, quinolones, and levothyroxine—space doses by at least 2 hours
• Calcium and zinc can interfere with bisphosphonates and certain antibiotics
• Alcohol and smoking may reduce the effectiveness of several B-complex vitamins

Storage

• Store at room temperature (15–25 °C) in a dry place
• Protect from direct sunlight and excessive humidity
• Keep out of reach of children

Clinical Evidence and References

Multivitamin-mineral supplements like BIOTAD PLUS are supported by clinical research for reducing the risk of micronutrient deficiency and supporting immune and cognitive health in at-risk populations:

• Fortmann SP et al., JAMA 2013
• Mikkelsen K et al., Nutrients 2016

Summary

BIOTAD PLUS (Original) is a comprehensive multivitamin and multimineral supplement designed to replenish vital nutrients. With a balanced combination of vitamins A, B-complex, C, D, E, iron, calcium, and zinc, it serves as a reliable support for immunity, energy metabolism, and general wellbeing. Always consult a healthcare professional before beginning supplementation, especially in case of preexisting conditions or medication use.

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Composition

Each ampoule of Vitamin B12 Depot Hevert contains 1 mg of Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) as the active ingredient. Excipients include sodium chloride and sterile water for injections. The solution is clear and colorless to slightly red.

Description

Vitamin B12 Depot Hevert is a long-acting injectable form of Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), essential for DNA synthesis, erythropoiesis, and normal functioning of the nervous system. It supports the metabolism of every cell in the body, particularly affecting DNA synthesis and regulation, fatty acid synthesis, and energy production.

Pharmacology

Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of vitamin B12 that is converted in the body to its active forms, methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin. It is vital for the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow and for neurological function. Deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Indications

• Vitamin B12 deficiency due to malabsorption syndromes (e.g., pernicious anemia, atrophic gastritis)
• Megaloblastic anemia caused by B12 deficiency
• Peripheral neuropathy due to B12 deficiency
• Supportive treatment in strict vegetarians or individuals on long-term restrictive diets
• After gastrectomy or intestinal surgery that reduces B12 absorption

Dosage and Administration

Unless otherwise prescribed, the standard dose is 1 ampoule (1 mg) of Vitamin B12 Depot Hevert injected intramuscularly (IM) or deeply subcutaneously.

• Initial therapy: 1 ampoule every other day for 1–2 weeks
• Maintenance therapy: 1 ampoule monthly

Dosing should be guided by the severity of the deficiency and clinical response. Vitamin B12 levels should be monitored regularly.

Contraindications

• Known hypersensitivity to cyanocobalamin or any other component of the formulation
• Not to be used in patients with early Leber’s optic atrophy (risk of rapid and severe optic nerve atrophy)

Precautions and Warnings

• May unmask polycythemia vera due to the rapid hematopoietic response
• Monitor potassium levels closely at the beginning of treatment due to the risk of hypokalemia
• Use with caution in patients with kidney or liver disease
• Should not be used to treat megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid deficiency alone

Adverse Reactions

• Rare: Hypersensitivity reactions (rash, urticaria, anaphylaxis)
• Occasional: Gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, diarrhea)
• Infrequent: Injection site reactions (redness, pain, swelling)
• Possible: Feeling of body swelling or general malaise

Drug Interactions

• Chloramphenicol may reduce hematological response to Vitamin B12
• Concomitant use with alcohol, colchicine, neomycin, or proton pump inhibitors may reduce absorption
• Vitamin C in large doses may degrade Vitamin B12 in the gut

Inform your healthcare provider about all medications and supplements you are currently taking.

Use in Pregnancy and Lactation

Vitamin B12 Depot Hevert can be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding when indicated, under medical supervision. Vitamin B12 is essential during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects and developmental delays.

Overdose

No toxic effects have been observed even at high doses of Vitamin B12 due to its water-solubility. Excess amounts are excreted in the urine. In case of accidental overdose, symptomatic treatment is recommended.

Storage

• Store at room temperature (15–25°C)
• Keep away from direct light and moisture
• Keep out of reach of children and pets

Scientific Reference

• Vitamin B12 Deficiency – StatPearls, NCBI

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Composition

Psilan (Body Detox) solution is a natural detoxifying formula composed of powerful herbal extracts and antioxidants. The main active ingredients include:

• Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum): Known for its hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties.
• Dandelion Root: Supports liver function and promotes bile flow.
• Green Tea Extract: Rich in polyphenols, supports metabolism and detox pathways.
• Other synergistic ingredients include Turmeric, Beetroot, Ginger, and a proprietary blend of supportive herbs.

Pharmacological Properties

Psilan works by enhancing the liver’s natural detoxifying capacity. Milk thistle protects hepatocytes from damage and stimulates protein synthesis. Dandelion root promotes bile secretion, aiding fat metabolism and waste elimination. Green tea provides strong antioxidant activity, helping neutralize free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Turmeric and ginger add anti-inflammatory support, while beetroot contributes nitrates that enhance blood flow and detoxification processes.

Indications

Psilan (Body Detox) solution is indicated for:

• Supporting liver health and detoxification
• General body detox support
• Enhancing digestion and metabolic function
• Reducing oxidative stress and free radical damage
• Improving energy and vitality after lifestyle stress, alcohol, or poor diet

Contraindications

• Known hypersensitivity to any ingredient in the formula
• Pregnancy and lactation (unless approved by a healthcare provider)
• Children under 18 years of age

Administration & Dosage

Recommended dosage for adults: 1–2 servings (10–20 ml) per day with meals. Dilute in water or juice. Increase water intake to support toxin elimination. Consult a healthcare provider for personalized recommendations.

Side Effects & Precautions

• Mild gastrointestinal effects such as bloating, flatulence, or diarrhea may occur, especially in the first few days.
• If symptoms persist or worsen, discontinue use and consult a doctor.
• Do not exceed the recommended dose.

Interactions

Some herbal components in Psilan may influence the metabolism of drugs processed by the liver (e.g., cytochrome P450 substrates). Caution is advised when used alongside anticoagulants, anti-inflammatory drugs, or immunosuppressants. Always consult a healthcare professional before combining with other medications.

Storage

• Store in a cool, dry place below 25°C.
• Protect from direct sunlight and heat sources.
• Keep out of reach of children.

Packaging

Available in a 500 ml bottle with calibrated dropper cap for easy and accurate dosing.

Scientific References

• Protective role of silymarin in liver diseases
• Review on dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) as a hepatoprotective and digestive aid

Conclusion

Psilan (Body Detox) solution offers a comprehensive herbal-based approach to liver support and body detoxification. It combines scientifically recognized ingredients that assist in toxin elimination, liver cell regeneration, and overall well-being. While generally safe, it should be used with caution in individuals on medication or with pre-existing conditions. Professional guidance is recommended for optimal results.

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Composition

The Antihot Energy Booster solution is a unique combination of potent ingredients formulated to enhance energy and focus. Key active components include:

• Vitamin B12: Essential for energy production and neurological health.
• Caffeine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant.
• Taurine: Supports hydration, electrolyte balance, and cardiovascular function.
• Ginseng: Used for centuries to reduce fatigue and improve endurance.
• L-Carnitine: Facilitates the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria for energy generation.

Description

Antihot (Energy Booster) is a liquid dietary supplement designed for rapid absorption and maximum efficacy. It provides a fast-acting energy lift while supporting focus, mental clarity, and physical performance. Suitable for a variety of users, from athletes and students to busy professionals.

Pharmacological Action

• Vitamin B12 supports red blood cell formation and energy metabolism by aiding in the conversion of carbohydrates into glucose [study].
• Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system, increases alertness, and reduces perception of fatigue [study].
• Taurine contributes to cellular hydration, neurotransmission, and antioxidant defense.
• Ginseng improves stamina, reduces oxidative stress, and modulates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis.
• L-Carnitine plays a critical role in mitochondrial energy production from fats.

Indications

Antihot (Energy Booster) is indicated for:

• Fatigue and low energy states
• Improving cognitive function and focus
• Enhancing physical performance
• Supporting energy metabolism under stress or intense workloads
• Dietary supplementation in individuals with nutritional deficiencies

Dosage and Administration

Recommended dosage: 1 serving (10–20 ml) per day, preferably in the morning or before physical activity. Shake well before use. Follow specific recommendations from a healthcare provider based on individual needs.

Side Effects

Generally well-tolerated. Possible side effects may include:

• Restlessness or nervousness (due to caffeine)
• Insomnia if taken late in the day
• Palpitations
• Gastrointestinal disturbances

Discontinue use and consult a healthcare provider if any adverse effects occur.

Precautions

• Do not exceed recommended dosage.
• Use with caution in individuals with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, or anxiety disorders.
• Not intended for use in children under 18 years.
• Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult a healthcare professional before use.
• Avoid alcohol and other stimulants while using this product.

Interactions

May interact with:

• Stimulants and antidepressants (risk of additive effects)
• Beta-blockers or antihypertensive medications (reduced efficacy)
• Anticoagulants or platelet inhibitors (increased bleeding risk with ginseng)

Always inform your healthcare provider about all medications and supplements you are taking.

Storage

• Store at room temperature (15–25°C), away from moisture and direct light.
• Do not refrigerate or freeze unless specified by manufacturer.
• Keep out of reach of children and pets.

Packaging

Antihot (Energy Booster) is available in 500 ml bottles with measuring cap for accurate dosing.

Conclusion

Antihot (Energy Booster) is a scientifically backed, effective formula designed to support physical and mental energy. With a blend of essential vitamins, amino acids, and herbal extracts, it helps combat fatigue, improve focus, and enhance endurance. When used as directed, it is a valuable supplement for daily energy support and performance optimization.

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Composition

Each 5 ml of Vitamin C SALF solution contains 1000 mg of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), a water-soluble vitamin essential for multiple physiological functions.

Therapeutic Indications

Vitamin C SALF 1000 mg/5 ml is indicated for:

• Prevention and treatment of Vitamin C deficiency, including scurvy
• Supporting collagen synthesis and wound healing
• Enhancing absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract
• Supporting immune function during infections and inflammatory states
• Reducing oxidative stress due to its antioxidant properties

Pharmacodynamics

Ascorbic acid functions as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions, especially those involved in hydroxylation processes in collagen synthesis, catecholamine metabolism, and peptide hormone regulation. It also scavenges free radicals, contributing to cellular protection.

Pharmacokinetics

Vitamin C is rapidly absorbed in the small intestine via active transport. Plasma concentrations plateau at high intakes due to saturable absorption and renal excretion. It is distributed in all tissues, particularly high in leukocytes, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, and liver. Excess is eliminated via urine.

Dosage and Administration

• Adults: 1 to 2 ml daily (equivalent to 200–400 mg of ascorbic acid), orally.
• Children: Dosage must be determined by a healthcare professional, adjusted to body weight and deficiency severity.

It may be diluted in water or juice. Best taken after meals to reduce gastrointestinal discomfort.

Contraindications

• Known hypersensitivity to ascorbic acid or any excipients
• Patients with hyperoxaluria or history of oxalate kidney stones
• Severe renal impairment without medical supervision

Precautions

• Use caution in patients with renal dysfunction or predisposition to nephrolithiasis
• High doses may cause hemolysis in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
• Long-term high doses may increase uric acid levels and contribute to oxalate stone formation

Overdosage

Symptoms of overdose may include:

• Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
• Osmotic diarrhea
• Hemolytic anemia in G6PD-deficient individuals
• Kidney stone formation (particularly oxalate stones)

Seek medical attention immediately in cases of suspected overdose.

Adverse Reactions

• Common: Gastrointestinal disturbances (diarrhea, cramps)
• Uncommon: Headache, flushing, insomnia
• Rare: Allergic reactions, oxalate nephropathy, hematuria

Drug Interactions

• May reduce efficacy of some chemotherapy agents (e.g., doxorubicin)
• High doses may affect the action of warfarin and increase absorption of aluminum from antacids
• May interfere with certain laboratory tests (e.g., glucose testing, fecal occult blood)

Pregnancy and Lactation

Vitamin C is considered safe during pregnancy and lactation when taken within recommended daily allowances. High doses should be avoided unless prescribed. Excessive maternal intake may increase risk of rebound scurvy in newborns.

Storage

• Store at 15°C–25°C (59°F–77°F), protected from light and heat
• Do not freeze
• Keep out of reach of children

Package and Presentation

Vitamin C SALF 1000 mg/5 ml is supplied in a 100 ml amber glass bottle with dropper for accurate measurement. Designed for oral administration.

Scientific References

• Vitamin C in health and disease – NCBI
• Ascorbic Acid – StatPearls, NIH

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Composition

Each ampoule of Pascorbin (Injections, 100/5 ml) solution contains 100 mg of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in 5 ml of solution. The other ingredients include sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium disulfite, and water for injections.

Description

Pascorbin is a clear, colorless to slightly yellowish solution for injection. This solution is used for therapeutic purposes to offer your body the necessary amount of vitamin C that it needs to function properly.

Pharmacological Properties

Ascorbic acid, the active ingredient in Pascorbin, is an essential water-soluble vitamin. It is necessary for the synthesis of collagen and certain neurotransmitters, it plays an essential role in wound healing and is also involved in immune function. It also serves as a potent antioxidant, protecting cells against damage caused by free radicals that are produced during normal metabolic processes and from exposure to toxins and pollutants.

Indications

Pascorbin is indicated for the prevention and treatment of vitamin C deficiency. This includes conditions such as scurvy, wounds and burns healing, recovery from surgery, and in illness where vitamin C requirements may be increased such as severe infections. It is also used for the treatment of complex conditions such as fatigue, weakness, and during convalescence.

Contraindications

Pascorbin is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to ascorbic acid or any of the other ingredients in this product. It should not be used in patients with a history of kidney stones or those with a condition that leads to excessive accumulation of iron in the body.

Precautions

Before using Pascorbin, inform your doctor about your current list of medications, over the counter products, allergies, pre-existing diseases, and current health conditions. Some health conditions may make you more susceptible to the side-effects of the drug. Take as directed by your doctor or follow the direction printed on the product insert.

Adverse Reactions

Some people may experience side effects when they take Pascorbin. These may include nausea, stomach cramps, or diarrhea. These side effects are usually mild and go away as the body adjusts to the medication. If you experience any severe or persistent side effects, you should contact your healthcare provider immediately.

Interactions

Pascorbin may interact with other medications such as iron supplements, certain types of cholesterol-lowering drugs, and some anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, it is important to inform your doctor about all the medications and supplements you are currently taking to avoid any potential interactions.

Dosage and Administration

The dosage of Pascorbin depends on the individual’s health condition and response to therapy. The usual recommended dose for adults is one ampoule (100 mg) daily. The dose may be increased by a doctor in case of severe deficiency. Pascorbin is administered by intramuscular or slow intravenous injection.

Overdose

In case of an overdose, symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea may occur. In such cases, it is necessary to seek immediate medical attention.

Storage

Pascorbin should be stored at room temperature, away from light and moisture. It should be kept out of reach of children.

Important Information

It is important to follow your healthcare provider’s instructions when using Pascorbin. Do not exceed the recommended dose without consulting your doctor. Regular monitoring of vitamin C levels may be required during prolonged therapy.

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